仏教教義・哲学用語集

21 Дар эх

二十一ターラー（尊）

Twenty-One Taras

twenty-one forms of Tara deity; featured in the offering Tsam

Сүмбэр уул

須弥山

Mount Meru

The world mountain at the centre of Buddhist cosmology.

арга билэг

陰陽

yin and yang

Method and wisdom as a cosmological pair. ☞ арга билиг

бодь

菩提

bodhi

Buddhist doctrine term from Tibetan

жанжин эрдэнэ

将軍宝（武将宝）

general/warrior treasure

seventh of the seven royal treasures

заан эрдэнэ

象宝

elephant treasure

fifth of the seven royal treasures

загарварди хаан

転輪聖王（チャクラヴァルティン）

chakravartin; wheel-turning king

Sanskrit-origin term for the ideal Buddhist monarch

зэндмэнэ

如意宝珠（三相）

three-part cintamani jewel

three-form version of chantmani; used in seals and iconography

морин эрдэнэ

馬宝

horse treasure

sixth of the seven royal treasures

норов эрдэнэ

如意宝珠（五相）

five-part wish-fulfilling jewel

five-form version of the cintamani

сав ертөнц

器世界

vessel world

The physical world and environment in Buddhist cosmology. ☞ шим ертөнц

таван ухаан

五明

the five sciences

Buddhist classification of the major branches of learning. ☞ урлахуй ухаан

урлахуй ухаан

工巧明

science of arts and crafts

One of the five sciences; covers technology and craft. ☞ таван ухаан

хан төрийн долоон эрдэнэ

ハーン王権の七宝

seven treasures of sovereign rule (sapta ratna)

Buddhist concept of the seven royal treasures; chakravartin symbolism

хүрд эрдэнэ

輪宝（りんぽう）

wheel treasure (dharmachakra)

first of the seven royal treasures; dharma wheel

чандмань эрдэнэ

如意宝珠

wish-fulfilling jewel (cintamani)

second of seven treasures; wish-granting gem

шашны номлол

宗教教義

religious doctrine

Ардын төрийн ёс сурталтай онц харшлалтай зүйл гэж хуульд тунхагласан.

шим ертөнц

有情世界

sentient world

The living beings that inhabit the universe. ☞ сав ертөнц

язгуур махбод

（四大）根本元素

four fundamental elements (earth, water, fire, air)

Buddhist cosmological elements depicted in the Soyombo

гурван бие

三身

three bodies

The three aspects of Buddha-nature: dharma body, enjoyment body, and transformation body (Skrt. trikāya).

номын бие

法身

dharma body

Buddhist concept representing ultimate reality or truth body of the Buddha (Skrt. dharmakāya). One of the three bodies of a Buddha.

сэтгэлийн бие

意身

mental body

One of the three bodies in Buddhist doctrine representing the subtle mental form.

хувилгааны бие

化身

transformation body

Physical manifestation body of a Buddha (Skrt. nirmāṇakāya). One of the three bodies of a Buddha.

арван хоёр шүтэн барилдлага

十二因縁(じゅうにいんねん)

twelve links of dependent origination (nidānas)

долоон гишүүн

七支

seven limbs

Seven-part practice including prostration, offering, confession, rejoicing, requesting teachings, requesting not to pass away, dedication.

дундад зам

中道

middle way

The Buddhist path avoiding extremes of indulgence and severe asceticism.

дөрвөн үнэн

四諦

four noble truths

The fundamental Buddhist teaching: suffering, its cause, its cessation, and the path to cessation.

зургаан төгөлдөр

六波羅蜜

six perfections

The six practices leading to enlightenment: generosity, ethics, patience, diligence, meditation, wisdom.

мөнх бус

無常（むじょう）

impermanence, transience

(Skt.anitya)

найман гишүүт хутагт мөр

八正道(はっしょうどう)

Noble Eightfold Path

найман ёстой зам

八正道

noble eightfold path

The Buddhist path to liberation consisting of eight interconnected practices.

номын хаалга

法門

dharma gate

An entry point or method for accessing Buddhist teachings.

номын хүрд

法輪

dharma wheel

Symbol representing the Buddha's teaching and the path to enlightenment.

хоосон чанар

«仏教» 空（くう）

emptiness, voidness

бодь сэтгэл

菩提心

bodhicitta

The enlightened mind or aspiration to achieve buddhahood for the benefit of all beings.

бурханлиг чанар

仏性(ぶっしょう)

Buddha-nature; buddhata

гэрэл гэгээрэл

光明

luminosity

The clear light nature of consciousness in Tantric Buddhism.

мэдрэхүй

明

awareness

Clear knowledge or wisdom that dispels ignorance in Buddhist practice.

тунгалаг ухаан

智慧

wisdom

Discriminating awareness that perceives the true nature of reality (Skrt. prajñā).

хамгийн дээд бодь сэтгэл

最上菩提心

supreme bodhicitta

The highest form of enlightened intention in Mahayana Buddhism.

харанхуй мэдрэхүй

無明

ignorance

Fundamental ignorance that binds beings to samsara (Skrt. avidyā).

хоосон байдал

空性

emptiness

The absence of inherent existence in all phenomena (Skrt. śūnyatā).

амьтны амь таслах

殺生（せっしょう）

taking of life

арван буруу үйл

十悪

ten unwholesome actions

Ten negative actions that create negative karma: killing, stealing, sexual misconduct, lying, divisive speech, harsh words, idle chatter, covetousness, ill will, wrong views.

арван сайн үйл

十善

ten wholesome actions

Ten positive actions that create positive karma; the opposite of the ten unwholesome actions.

гурван мянган орчлон

三千大千世界 (Skt. trisāhasramahāsāhasra lokadhātu)

trichiliocosm; the three-thousandfold world system

гурван үүд

《佛》 身口意(しんくい)

three gates (body, speech, and mind in Buddhism)

гүсэн түг

身口意(しんくい) (Tib. sku gsung thugs)

body, speech, and mind (Tibetan Buddhist triad)

замбуутив

人間世界(にんげんせかい)、閻浮提(えんぶだい) (Skt. jumbūdvīpa)

Jambudvipa; the human world (Buddhist cosmology)

нирван

涅槃

nirvana

The ultimate goal of Buddhist practice; liberation from suffering and the cycle of rebirth.

сансарын эргэлт

輪廻

samsara

The cycle of birth, death, and rebirth driven by karma and ignorance.

хойд дүр

生まれ変わり

reincarnation

эх болсон зургаан зүйл хамаг амьтан

六道四生の一切衆生

all sentient beings in the six realms of rebirth

үйл

業

karma

Action and its consequences; the law of cause and effect governing moral actions.

үйлийн үр дагавар

業果

karmic result

The consequences of actions according to the law of karma.

үйлийн үрийн хууль

因果律(いんがりつ)

law of cause and effect; karma

ариун

清浄

pure

State of spiritual purity or cleanliness in Buddhist practice.

бясалгал

禅定

meditation

Concentrated meditation practice; one of the six perfections (Skrt. dhyāna).

нигүүлсэхүй

慈悲（じひ）

compassion, mercy

тайван байдал

寂静

tranquility

Peaceful state of mind achieved through meditation practice.

тэвчээр

忍辱

patience

One of the six perfections; patient endurance in the face of difficulties.

харамсалгүй байдал

無悔

non-regret

Mental state free from remorse, considered beneficial for meditation.

хичээл зүтгэл

精進

diligence

Enthusiastic effort in spiritual practice; one of the six perfections.

энэрэл

慈悲

compassion

Loving-kindness and compassion for all beings (Skrt. karuṇā).

өглөг

布施

generosity

Giving or generosity; the first of the six perfections (Skrt. dāna).

бузар

煩悩

affliction

Mental and emotional disturbances that cloud the mind (Skrt. kleśa).

гурван хор

三毒

three poisons

The three root causes of suffering: greed, anger, and delusion.

догшин сэтгэл

瞋恚

anger

One of the three root poisons along with greed and ignorance.

тэнэг муу

愚痴

delusion

Ignorance and wrong understanding; one of the three root poisons.

чаралба

異端者（いたんしゃ）

heretic

шунаж хүсэх

貪欲

greed

Attachment and craving; one of the three root poisons.

барилдлага

縁起

conjunction

Auspicious or inauspicious alignment of elements.

боди мөрийн зэрэг

菩提道次第(ぼだいどうしだい)

stages of the path to enlightenment (Lamrim)

гаслангаас нөгчих

解脱(げだつ)する、涅槃(ねはん)

liberation from suffering; nirvana; moksha

гэгээрсэн

覚悟

enlightened

Having attained spiritual awakening or enlightenment.

гэгээрэлд хүрэх

悟(さと)りを開く

to attain enlightenment

мацаг барих

断食（だんじき）する、食事の戒律（かいりつ）を守る

fast, observe dietary discipline

нирваан дүр

涅槃

nirvana

The state of enlightenment; also the passing of a Buddha.

нирваан дүр үзүүлэх

涅槃(ねはん)に入る、入寂(にゅうじゃく) (Skt. nirvāṇa)

enter nirvana; pass into final nirvana

очир завилгаа

結跏趺坐(けっかふざ)、蓮華座(れんげざ)

lotus position; full-lotus meditation posture

тулгамдсан

証悟

realized

Having achieved spiritual realization or understanding.

хөгжил

修習

cultivation

Development and refinement of spiritual qualities through practice.

чөлөөлөгдсөн

解脱

liberated

Freed from the bonds of samsara and suffering.

ом мани падме хум

六字大明呪

Om mani padme hum

Skt. oṃ maṇi padme hūṃ; the six-syllable mantra of Avalokiteshvara.

сүн

陀羅尼

dharani

Skt. dhāraṇī; a longer mnemonic incantation.

тарни

マントラ

mantra

Skt. mantra; sacred syllables or formula recited in practice.

тарнийн хөлгөн /очирваань/

金剛乗 、真言乗

Tantric Buddhism, Mantra vehicle

(Skt. vajrayāna); (Skt. mantrayāna)

тарнийн хөлөг

密教（みっきょう）

esoteric Buddhism