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モンゴル語の文法構文・文型

格支配、可能・推量、必要・評価、意図、時間、条件・譲歩などのモンゴル語構文を、意味と機能別に整理します。

原因・起点・根拠 Шалтгаан, эх сурвалж ба үндэслэл 16

1

… тул арга буюу

being compelled to do so because ~; unavoidably, as ~

2

-аар дамжуулан

through ~; by way of ~; on the occasion of ~

3

-аас⁴ улбаатай

deriving from ~; attributable to ~

4

-аас⁴ хамаараад

depending on ~; according to ~

5

-аас⁴ шалтгаалж өөр

varying according to ~

6

-аас⁴ үүдсэн

caused by ~; resulting from ~

7

-аас⁴ үүдэлтэй

attributable to ~; originating from ~

8

-ыг бодолцон

considering ~; taking ~ into account

9

-ыг түшиглэх

to rely on ~; to use ~ as a basis

10

-ыг удирдлага болгон

guided by ~; in accordance with ~

11

-ын ачаар

thanks to ~; with the help of ~

12

-ын балагаар

because of ~; owing to the harmful effect of ~

13

-ын гороор

as a result of ~; under the influence of ~

14

-ын дагуух

along ~; in accordance with ~

15

-ын тохиолдлыг бодолцох

to take the case of ~ into consideration

16

-ын үүднээс

1. from the standpoint of ~; in terms of ~; 2. for the purpose of ~; with a view to ~

比較・程度・数量 Харьцуулалт, зэрэг ба хэмжээ 17

17

…-ыг…-аас⁴ илүүд тавих

to value ~ more highly than ~; to put ~ before ~

18

-аар⁴ толгой цохидог

leading in ~; outstanding in ~

19

-аас⁴ дутахааргүй

not inferior to ~; comparable to ~

20

-аас⁴ дээш удаа

more than ~ times; at least ~ times

21

-аас⁴ эрс ялгагдах

to differ markedly from ~

22

-аас⁴ өөргүй

to be little different from ~; to be much the same as ~

23

-аас⁴ өөрцгүй

to be none other than ~; to differ little from ~

24

-тай³ нэгэн адилаар

in exactly the same way as ~

25

-тай³ эгээ адил

exactly like ~; virtually equivalent to ~

26

-ыг гүйцэхгүй

not to compare with ~; to fall short of ~

27

-ын дайтай

on a par with ~; comparable to ~

28

-ын хажууд юу ч биш

to be nothing compared with ~; to pale beside ~

29

-ын хирээр

in proportion to ~; according to ~

30

-ын хооронд хэлбэлзэх

to fluctuate between ~; to range between ~

31

-ын хэмжээнд хүрэх

to reach the level of ~; to attain the stage of ~

32

-ын энтэй

of the same rank as ~; comparable to ~

33

-ын/-х хэмжээнд хүрэх

to reach the level of ~; to attain the stage of ~

焦点・範囲・選択 Онцлол, хамрах хүрээ ба сонголт 16

34

… төдийгөөс хэтрэхгүй

to go no further than ~; to amount to no more than ~

35

… ч бай… ч бай

whether ~ or ~; be it ~ or ~

36

… ч дээ

a mere ~; only ~

37

… ч тэр… ч тэр

whether ~ or ~; both ~ and ~

38

…мөнөөсөө мөн

to be precisely ~; to be ~ itself

39

-аад⁴ зогсохгүй

not only to do ~; to go beyond doing ~

40

-аар⁴ тогтохгүй

not merely ~; not limited to ~

41

-аар⁴ үл ялгаварлан

regardless of ~; without distinction as to ~

42

-аас⁴ авахуулаад…… хүртэл

from ~ through to ...

43

-аа⁴ ч үгүй

not even to have done ~; not so much as to do ~

44

-ыг голчилсон

centred on ~; primarily consisting of ~

45

-ыг хэлэх юун

needless to say ~; not to mention ~

46

-ыг эс тооцвол

except for ~; disregarding ~

47

-ын алинд ч

in either of ~; in all of ~

48

-ын сацуу

together with ~; alongside ~

49

-ын хамтаар

together with ~; in company with ~

談話態度・証拠性 Яригчийн байр суурь ба мэдээллийн эх 8

局面・結果・状態 Үйл явдлын үе, үр дүн ба байдал 12

可能性・傾向・推量 Боломж, хандлага ба таамаг 12

必要・評価・限界 Зайлшгүй байдал, үнэлгээ ба хязгаар 20

82

-х нь зохимжтой

83

-х нь зүй

it is proper to ~; one ought to ~

84

-х нь илүү зохимжтой

it is preferable to ~; it is more appropriate to ~

85

-х нь илүүц

there is no need to ~; it is unnecessary to ~

86

-х нь өлзийтэй

87

-хаас⁴ өөр яалтай

88

-хад⁴ илүүдэхгүй

89

-хад⁴ хол

90

-хад⁴ эрт

it is still too early to ~; it is premature to ~

91

-хын эцэсгүй

to such an extent that one cannot finish doing ~; endlessly ~

92

-гүй байж чадахгүй

cannot help doing ~; cannot refrain from doing ~

93

-гүй бол амьд явж чадахгүй

cannot survive without, depend on entirely

94

-гүй бол горьгүй

[colloquial] have no choice but to ~; simply must ~

95

… тал дээр анхаарах

to pay attention to the aspect of ~; to take care regarding ~

96

-аас⁴ өөр аргагүй байдалд орох

to be forced to ~; to have no choice but to ~

97

-аас⁴ өөр хэлэх үг алга

there is no other way to describe it than ~

98

-аа⁴гүй нь их юм

it is at least better that ~ is not the case

99

-д гаргуун

to be skilled at ~; to excel in ~

100

-сан⁴ ч яадаг юм

it would do no harm to ~; so what if one does ~

101

-хгүй байж болохгүй

cannot avoid doing ~; must ~

願望・意図・準備 Хүсэл, зорилго ба бэлтгэл 18

102

-хаар⁴ зэхэх

103

-хад⁴ хэзээд бэлэн

104

-хсан⁴

105

-хыг завдах

106

-ж үзэх юмсан

would like to try doing ~

107

-аар⁴ дагнан ажиллах

to engage exclusively in ~; to devote oneself to ~

108

-аар⁴ дагнасан

specialised in ~; specialising in ~

109

-аар⁴ хүчин зүтгэх

to strive as ~; to devote oneself to ~

110

-аас⁴ зайлсхийхийн тулд

in order to avoid ~; in order to prevent ~

111

-аас⁴ урьдчилан сэргийлэх

to prevent ~; to forestall ~

112

-аас⁴ ч буцахгүй

not to shrink even from ~; to be prepared even to ~

113

-хгүй юм даг

will never ~; certainly shall not ~

114

-ыг шимтэн сонирхох

to be absorbed in ~; to take a keen interest in ~

115

-ын суудалд санаархах

to aspire to the position of ~; to set one's sights on ~

116

-ын түүс болох

to be preoccupied with ~; to have eyes only for ~

117

-ын хойноос хөөцөлдөх

to be obsessed with ~; to devote oneself blindly to ~

118

-ын хүслэн болох

to long for ~; to yearn for ~

119

-ын эрэлд хатах

to thirst for ~; to crave ~

時間・順序・局面 Цаг, дараалал ба үйл явдлын үе шат 24

120

-х цаг айсуй

the time for ~ is approaching; ~ is imminent

121

-хаар⁴ болох

122

-в уу үгүй юу л

as soon as ~; no sooner had ~ than ...

123

-даа⁴ багтаан

within; included in

124

-х завдалгүй

125

-х зуур

while doing ~; during ~

126

-х тоолонд

every time ~; as ~ progresses

127

-хаас⁴ наагуур

just short of ~; on the verge of ~

128

-хаас⁴ урьтаж

before doing ~; ahead of ~

129

-хтай³ давхцах

to coincide with ~; to overlap with ~

130

-хтай³ үгүйтэй

131

-хын даваан дээр

on the verge of; about to

132

-хын тэр даруй

as soon as ~; immediately upon ~

133

… жилийн дараах

~ years after the previous occurrence; the first ~ in ... years

134

… жилийн нүүр үзэх

to enter one's ~th year; to mark ~ years

135

… өдөр дараалан

over ~ consecutive days; for ~ days in succession

136

-аас⁴ хойших

subsequent to ~; after ~

137

-сан⁴ даруйд

immediately after doing ~; as soon as ~

138

-сан⁴ удаатай

to have done ~ before; there was an occasion when ~

139

-сан⁴ үндсэн дээр

after doing ~; on the basis of having done ~

140

-сны эцэст

after doing ~; at the end of ~

141

-хад ганц хуруу дутуу

one step short of ~; on the verge of ~

142

-ыг угтуулан

on the occasion of welcoming ~; in anticipation of ~

143

-ын ид дунд

in the midst of ~; at the height of ~

条件・目的・その他の節関係 Нөхцөл, зорилго ба бусад өгүүлбэрийн харьцаа 18

144

-лгүйгээр

without doing ~

145

-х аваас

if ~; should ~

146

-х нь бүү хэл харин ч

far from doing ~, on the contrary ...

147

-хаар⁴ бол

148

-хаар⁴ шамдан ажиллах

to work hard in order to ~; to devote oneself to ~

149

-хын хирээр

as ~ progresses; in proportion as ~

150

-я³ гэхнээ

even if one tries to ~; though one would like to ~

151

… ч атугай

even if ~; even though ~

152

… ч хэцүү… ч хэцүү юм болох

not knowing whether to ~ or to ~

153

…-г үл ажран

regardless of ~; undaunted by ~

154

-вч баршгүй

however much one does ~, there is no end to it

155

-ж байж л

only by doing ~; it is by doing ~ that ...

156

-ж баймааж

only by doing ~; it is by doing ~ that ...

157

-ж гэмээнэ сая

only by doing ~; only then does ...

158

-лаа⁴ гээд… биш

even if one did ~, it would not mean ...

159

-лаа⁴ ч

even if one did ~; although one did ~

160

-сан⁴ авч

although one did ~; despite having done ~

161

-чуул

[colloquial] if one just does ~; if one goes ahead and ~

格支配・補文・関係構文 Тийн ялгалын захиралт, гишүүн өгүүлбэр ба харьцаа 41

162

-д арга хэмжээ авах

to take measures concerning ~; to deal with ~

163

-д ноогдох

per ~; allotted to ~

164

-д хамрагдах

to fall within ~; to be subject to ~

165

-д чиглэсэн ажил

work directed towards ~; an initiative aimed at ~

166

-д өртөх

to suffer ~; to be exposed to ~

167

-х замыг хаах

to block the way for ~; to prevent ~

168

-г бодолцон

taking into consideration; in consideration of

169

-д байр сууриа тавьж өгөх

to yield one's position to ~

170

-д суурилан

based on ~; on the basis of ~

171

-д суурилсан

based on ~; founded on ~

172

-ж буйтай холбогдуулан

in connection with the fact that ~ is under way; owing to ~ being in progress

173

… тэргүүтэй төлөөлөгчид

a delegation headed by ~; representatives led by ~

174

…-д элэгтэй ханддаг

to take a pro-~ stance; to be favourably disposed towards ~

175

(-ыг) тойрсон маргаан

a controversy surrounding ~; debate over ~

176

-аар⁴ ахлуулсан

led by ~; headed by ~

177

-аар⁴ бөмбөгдөх

to bombard with ~; to cover with ~

178

-аар⁴ орлуулах

to replace with ~; to substitute ~ for something

179

-аар⁴ хавсран ажилладаг

to combine ~ with another occupation; to work concurrently as ~

180

-аас⁴ ангид байх

to remain apart from ~; to have nothing to do with ~

181

-аас⁴ бүрдэх

to consist of ~; to be composed of ~

182

-аас⁴ хамраа ч цухуйлгахгүй

not to set foot outside ~

183

-д гар татдаггүй

to spare no expense on ~

184

-д түүртэх

to be troubled by ~; to struggle with ~

185

-д халаагаа өгөх

to hand over one's place to ~; to yield to ~

186

-тай зууралдах

to be entangled in ~; to struggle with ~

187

-тай³ салшгүй холбоотой

inseparably connected with ~; closely related to ~

188

-тай³ уялдан

in connection with ~; in line with ~

189

-тай³ холбогдуулан

in connection with ~; regarding ~

190

-ыг араасаа хуйлруулах

to captivate ~; to have ~ flocking after one

191

-ын барилдлагатай

to be related to ~; to stand in a relation of ~

192

-ын дунд гүүр болох

to serve as a bridge between ~; to mediate between ~

193

-ын дунд дэлгэрч байгаа

popular among ~; spreading among ~

194

-ын дунд хагарал гарах

a split to arise among ~; a rupture to occur between ~

195

-ын нөмөрт багтах

to come under the protection of ~

196

-ын харьялалд багтдаг

under the jurisdiction of ~; belonging to ~

197

-ын хөлд дарагдах

to be crowded with ~; to be thronged by ~

198

-ын шууд удирдлага дор

under the direct authority of ~; under the command of ~

199

-ын эрхшээлд орох

to come under the domination of ~; to be ruled by ~

200

-ын эх орон

the home of ~; the birthplace of ~

201

-ын өмнөөс

on behalf of ~; representing ~

202

-ын/-д өгөөш болох

to fall prey to ~; to become a target for ~