モンゴル占星術・暦法用語集

Дүвзи ёс

時輪暦法

Kalachakra calculation method

The calculation method derived from the Kalachakra tantra.

Жидди ёс

イスラム暦法

Islamic calculation method

The calculation method derived from Islamic and Arabic astronomy.

Сартуул зурхайн ухаан

サルトゥール暦学

Sartuul astrology

Astrological system associated with Central Asian and Muslim traditions.

Төгс буянт шинэ зурхай

トゥグス・ブヤント新暦

Perfect Virtue New Astrology

Revised system developed by Sumba Khamba Ishbaljir.

Төгс буянтын зурхай

トゥグス・ブヤント暦◆モンゴル暦。時輪タントラに基づく時輪暦の一種

Tugs Buyantu calendar (Mongolian calendar based on Kalachakra Tantra)

Хотон зурхай

回回暦

Huihui astrology

Islamic astronomy and astrology that spread in Mongolia under the Yuan.

Цагийн хүрдний зурхай

時輪暦

Kalachakra astrology

Astrological system based on the Kalachakra tantra of Indian and Tibetan origin.

амьдын зурхай

生者の占星術

astrology of the living

Branch determining a living person's lifetime karma and destiny.

бэрийн зурхай

婚姻占星術

marriage astrology

Branch used for compatibility matching and choosing a wedding date.

бүтээлийн зурхай

成就占星術

creation astrology

Kalachakra-based method for calculating planetary and lunar-mansion movement.

газар шинжих

風水

geomancy

Reading the land to determine an auspicious placement.

зурхай

暦学・占星術

astrology and calendar science

The traditional Mongolian system of astronomical and astrological calculation.

зурхайн ухаан

占星術・暦法学

astrology and calendar science

The scholarly discipline of зурхай as a branch of traditional knowledge.

зурхайн ёс

暦法

astrological method

The methodology or rules by which an astrological calculation is carried out.

махбодын зурхай

五行占星術

elemental astrology

Astrology worked from the five elements: fire, earth, iron, water, wood.

насан үйлийн зурхай

寿命占星術

life-span astrology

Method for determining a person's lifespan and destiny.

одон зурхай

天文学・占星術

astronomy and astrology

Astrology read from the movement of celestial bodies.

одон орон зурхай

天文暦学

astronomy and calendar science

Compound term for the combined study of the sky and of calendrical calculation.

хар зурхай

黒暦

black astrology

Elemental and cyclical astrology of Chinese origin; based on the five elements and the animal cycle. ☞ цагаан зурхай

цагаан зурхай

白暦

white astrology

Calculation-based astrology derived from the Indian Kalachakra tradition. ☞ хар зурхай

цагийн дүрмийн зурхай

時規暦

time-rule astrology

A Mongolian astrological system named for its rules of time.

шар зурхай

黄暦

yellow astrology

Astrology tied to the imperial calendar (huangli) issued by the ruling court.

шашны зурхай

宗教暦

religious chronology

Genre of Buddhist historical writing that records events year by year.

эмнэлгийн зурхай

医学占星術

medical astrology

Astrological method applied in traditional medicine alongside the five elements and pulse diagnosis.

үйлийн зурхай

実践占星術

karma astrology

Relates stellar movement to solar calculation; historically linked to Arabian and Hoton astronomy.

24 уур гэм

二十四節気

twenty-four solar terms

The traditional division of the solar year into twenty-four seasonal points.

Баруунш дайлсан цагаан морин жилийн зурхайн язгуур

西征庚午元暦

Western Campaign White Horse Year Calendar

Calendar compiled by Yelü Chucai for the western expedition of Genghis Khan.

Григорийн тоолол

グレゴリオ暦

Gregorian calendar

The modern international standard calendar.

Их гэгээн зурхай

大明暦

Great Bright Calendar

The first official calendar of the Mongol Empire; adapted from the Jin Daming li.

Мичдийн улирлын тоолол

昴の季節暦

Pleiades seasonal calendar

Nomadic method of predicting season and weather from the Pleiades.

Мэг сар

メグ月

Meg month

A lunar month named after a star; used in the Mongol-influenced Tibetan calendar.

Олноо өргөгдсөн

共戴

Olnoo Örgögdsön

Era name used during the Bogd Khanate (1911-1924).

Равжун

ラプジュン

Rabjung

The Tibetan sixty-year cycle system counted from 1027.

Согд цаг улирлын бичиг

ソグド暦法書

Sogdian calendar text

Calendar system adapted by Turkic peoples from Sogdiana.

Түмэн оны зурхай

万年暦

Ten-Thousand-Year Calendar

Arabo-Persian calendar brought to the Yuan court by Jamal al-Din. ☞ түмэн оны лит

Хижрийн тоолол

ヒジュラ暦

Hijri calendar

Islamic lunar calendar; used during the Ilkhanate period.

Цагаан сар

旧正月

Tsagaan Sar

The Mongolian lunar new year.

Цагийн мэдээний зурхай

授時暦

Shoushi Calendar

Calendar commissioned by Kublai Khan and compiled by Guo Shoujing.

Юлийн тоолол

ユリウス暦

Julian calendar

Introduced by Julius Caesar and used in Europe for some 1500 years.

арван хоёр жил

十二支

twelve-year animal cycle

The traditional duodecimal animal cycle used for counting years.

арван хоёр жил амьтны тоолол

十二支紀年法

twelve-animal year reckoning

Reckoning of years through the twelve-animal cycle.

арга билгийн тоолол

陰陽暦

lunisolar calendar

Calendar combining the lunar and solar cycles.

аргын тоолол

太陽暦

solar calendar

Calendar reckoned by the movement of the sun. ☞ билгийн тоолол

байгалийн он тоолол

自然暦

natural calendar

Calendar read from recurring natural phenomena.

билгийн тоолол

太陰暦

lunar calendar

Traditional calendar reckoned by the movement of the moon. ☞ аргын тоолол

битүүн

新月

new moon

The dark of the moon; the last day of the lunar month.

жаран

六十干支

sexagenary cycle

The sixty-year cycle used in Mongolian and East Asian timekeeping. ☞ жарны тоолол

жарны тоолол

六十干支紀年法

sexagenary cycle reckoning

Reckoning of years by the traditional sixty-year cycle. ☞ жаран

зурхайн шалгуур тохиолго

暦の検証日

calendar verification day

A fixed date used to check the accuracy of the calendar.

илүү сар

閏月

intercalary month

An extra month inserted into the lunar calendar to realign it with the solar year.

оны цол

年号

era name

The reign title given to a period of a monarch's rule.

түмэн оны лит

万年暦

perpetual almanac

Perpetual calendar table. ☞ түмэн оны зурхай

цаг мөч

時刻の単位

traditional unit of time

Traditional unit for dividing the day.

цаг тоолол

暦法・年代記

calendar system

The general system of time reckoning and chronology.

цогцолсон жил

積年

accumulated years

Total years elapsed within a calendar cycle.

шар зурхайн тоолол

黄暦紀年法

yellow calendar reckoning

Year reckoning under the yellow astrology system.

өвлийн туйлын хойд өдөр

冬至の翌日

the day after the winter solstice

A set date used for official ceremonies.

өдрийн хууль

日法

day-count constant

Mathematical constant used in ancient calendar calculation.

өндөр жил

閏年

leap year

A year given an extra day to keep pace with the solar cycle.

хулгана цаг

子の刻

Hour of the Rat

00:00–02:00

үхэр цаг

丑の刻

Hour of the Ox

02:00–04:00

бар цаг

寅の刻

Hour of the Tiger

04:00–06:00

туулай цаг

卯の刻

Hour of the Rabbit

06:00–08:00

луу цаг

辰の刻

Hour of the Dragon

08:00–10:00

могой цаг

巳の刻

Hour of the Snake

10:00–12:00

морь цаг

午の刻

Hour of the Horse

12:00–14:00

хонь цаг

未の刻

Hour of the Sheep

14:00–16:00

бич цаг

申の刻

Hour of the Monkey

16:00–18:00

тахиа цаг

酉の刻

Hour of the Rooster

18:00–20:00

нохой цаг

戌の刻

Hour of the Dog

20:00–22:00

гахай цаг

亥の刻

Hour of the Pig

22:00–00:00

хөх

甲

1st stem: Blue (Wood)

Мод

хөхөгчин

乙

2nd stem: Bluish (Wood)

Мод

улаан

丙

3rd stem: Red (Fire)

Гал

улаагчин

丁

4th stem: Reddish (Fire)

Гал

шар

戊

5th stem: Yellow (Earth)

Шороо

шарагчин

己

6th stem: Yellowish (Earth)

Шороо

цагаан

庚

7th stem: White (Metal)

Төмөр

цагаагчин

辛

8th stem: Whitish (Metal)

Төмөр

хар

壬

9th stem: Black (Water)

Ус

харагчин

癸

10th stem: Blackish (Water)

Ус

Гараг хиртэлт

惑星食

planetary occultation

Occultation of a planet.

Мичид зулзагалах

昴の予兆

Pleiades "giving birth"

Folk weather omen read from the appearance of the Pleiades.

боовны үр

菓子占い

pastry divination

Forecasting the year's weather and politics from traditional pastries.

бэлгэдэх зөгнөх

予兆を読み解く

to read omens

Reading signs in order to predict what is to come.

гурван ёслол

三儀

the three observances

Examining the signs of heaven, the features of earth, and the stars.

далны ясны төлгө

肩甲骨占い

scapulimancy

Divination read from a sheep's shoulder blade. ☞ хонины дал

засал

加持・修正

ritual remedy

Rite performed to offset an unfavourable astrological indication.

зурхайчийн овоо

占者のオボー

astrologer's ovoo

A cairn at which shoulder blades were burned for divination.

мэргэ төлгө

占い

divination

General term for fortune-telling and prognostication. ☞ төлгө

од гараг тахих зан үйл

星辰祭祀

astral worship ritual

Ritual worship of stars and planets.

од гарагийн тохиол

天体の配置

configuration of the stars and planets

Astrological alignment consulted before military action.

сар мичдийн тохиолго

月と昴の合

conjunction of moon and Pleiades

Observation used to calibrate the calendar.

сүүлт од

彗星

comet

Comet; read as an omen in the historical sources.

тэнгэр тахилга

祭天

heaven worship ritual

Ceremony dedicated to the worship of Heaven.

тэнгэрийн аяс араншин

天の気配

signs of the sky

Traditional knowledge of reading weather and fortune from the sky.

төлгө

占い

divination

Divination performed by ritual means. ☞ мэргэ төлгө

хар далны төлгө

黒肩甲骨占い

black scapulimancy

Reading of the shoulder blade after burning or searing it. ☞ цагаан далны төлгө

хонины дал

羊の肩甲骨

sheep scapula

The shoulder blade used in scapulimancy. ☞ далны ясны төлгө

цагаан далны төлгө

白肩甲骨占い

white scapulimancy

Preliminary reading of the shoulder blade without burning it. ☞ хар далны төлгө

цасан чихрийн үр

雪砂糖占い

snow-sugar divination

Method of forecasting weather patterns for the coming year.

шороо үхрийн шинж

土牛の占い

Earth Ox divination

Method forecasting the year's climate and harvest from the Earth Ox diagram. ☞ үхэр хөтлөгч

үхэр хөтлөгч

牛追い

ox-herder

The figure in the Earth Ox diagram whose dress and posture characterize the year. ☞ шороо үхрийн шинж

Бумбын орд

宝瓶宮

Aquarius

The sign of Aquarius; also invoked as the coming age.

Улаан боширгын орд

朱雀宮

Vermilion Bird mansion

Southern quadrant of the twenty-eight lunar mansions.

Хөх лууны орд

青竜宮

Azure Dragon mansion

Eastern quadrant of the twenty-eight lunar mansions.

Цагаан барсын орд

白虎宮

White Tiger mansion

Western quadrant of the twenty-eight lunar mansions.

Яст мэлхийн орд

玄武宮

Black Tortoise mansion

Northern quadrant of the twenty-eight lunar mansions.

алтан мэлхий

黄金の亀

golden turtle

Turtle diagram carrying the trigrams and menge; a core astrological chart. ☞ бунд хорол, алтан яст мэлхий

алтан яст мэлхий

金亀

golden tortoise

Symbolic tortoise standing for time and longevity in astrology. ☞ алтан мэлхий

амин махбод

生命元素

life element

Element governing the vitality of a year or a person.

арван хоёр орд

十二宮

twelve zodiac signs

Division of the zodiacal belt used in horoscopy and calendar work.

арга билгийн хослол

陰陽の調和

harmony of yin and yang

The balanced pairing of the two cosmic forces. ☞ арга билиг

арга билиг

陰陽

yin and yang

The paired cosmic forces of method and wisdom. ☞ арга билгийн хослол

арга билэг

陰陽

yin and yang

Method and wisdom as a cosmological pair. ☞ арга билиг

аргын мөн чанар

方便の性質

nature of upaya

The quality of method; associated with the sun. ☞ билгийн чанар

барилдлага

縁起

conjunction

Auspicious or inauspicious alignment of elements.

биеийн махбод

身体元素

body element

Element associated with the physical body in the Earth Ox diagram.

билгийн чанар

般若の性質

nature of prajna

The quality of wisdom; associated with the moon. ☞ аргын мөн чанар

бунд хорол

ブンド・ホロル

bund khorol

The wheel or turtle diagram consulted in divination. ☞ алтан мэлхий

галав

劫

kalpa

Cosmological aeon.

гараг од

惑星

planets

Planets and stars as read in traditional astrology. ☞ гараг эрхэс

гараг эрхэс

惑星と天体

planets and celestial bodies

The planets and their movement. ☞ гараг од

есөн мэнгэ

九星

nine menge

The system of nine astrological signs used in divination. ☞ мэнгэ

махбод

元素

element

A single one of the five elements. ☞ таван махбод

мэнгэ

命卦

menge

Astrological indicator determined by year of birth. ☞ есөн мэнгэ

нагшадар

二十八宿

nakshatra

Sanskrit-derived name for the twenty-eight lunar mansions.

найман суудал

八卦

eight trigrams

The eight divinatory trigrams used in astrology. ☞ найман хүлил

найман хүлил

八卦

eight trigrams

Alternative Mongolian name for the eight trigrams. ☞ найман суудал

ноён нуруу

大筋

main trend

The overall outlook of a year as read from the almanac.

од мичид

星々

stars

Collective literary term for the stars.

од эрхэс

天体

celestial bodies

Stars and planets in traditional astronomy.

сав ертөнц

器世界

vessel world

The physical world and environment in Buddhist cosmology. ☞ шим ертөнц

сав шим хүн ертөнц

器世間と有情世間

the vessel and its inhabitants

Cosmological pairing of the physical world with the beings that live in it.

суудал

座

seat

Astrological indicator of spatial orientation. ☞ найман суудал

таван гараг

五惑星

five planets

The five planets visible to the naked eye. ☞ таван хураангуй

таван махбод

五行

five elements

The five elements — wood, fire, earth, metal, water — underlying astrology and medicine. ☞ махбод

таван хураангуй

五星

five planets

Traditional term for the five visible planets. ☞ таван гараг

таван шар мэнгэ

五黄土星

Five Yellow Earth Star

Indicator used to determine whether a year is auspicious.

тэнгэрийн утга

天の理

principles of heaven

The governing laws of the sky as understood in astrology.

улаан тэргэл

赤い満月

red full moon

The sixteenth day of the lunar month; an auspicious day for campaigns and migration.

хувь тавилан

運命

destiny

Fate as shaped by cosmic factors.

цөвүүн

末世

degenerate age

A period of decline and disorder.

шим ертөнц

有情世界

sentient world

The living beings that inhabit the universe. ☞ сав ертөнц

эрхтэн махбод

器官元素

organ element

Element associated with a specific body part in the Earth Ox diagram.

ёгт нэр

隠語

esoteric name

Symbolic or veiled naming convention used in astrological texts.

Ганжуур

ガンジュール

Kangyur

The canon of translated Buddhist scripture. ☞ Данжуур

Данжуур

ダンジュール

Tengyur

The canon of Buddhist treatises and commentaries. ☞ Ганжуур

Мэргэд гарахын орон

賢者出現の地

Merged Garakhyn Oron

Mongolian encyclopedic dictionary and treatise.

Одон орны шинэ хүснэгт

新天文表

Zij-i Sultani

Ulugh Beg's star catalogue and astronomical tables.

Судрын чуулган

集史

Jami' al-tawarikh

Rashid al-Din's compendium of chronicles.

Цаг улирлын тооны бичиг

暦書

almanac

Official annual almanac issued by the state and the monasteries.

Цагаан биндэрьяа

白瑠璃

White Beryl

Astronomical treatise by Desi Sangye Gyatso.

Эл хаант улсын одон орны хүснэгт

イルハン朝天文表

Zij-i Ilkhani

Astronomical table compiled under the Ilkhanate. ☞ эл хааны оддын хүснэгт

Эл хааны оддын хүснэгт

イルハーン天文表

Ilkhanic Tables

Zij tables compiled by Nasir al-Din al-Tusi and his team. ☞ эл хаант улсын одон орны хүснэгт

солбицон барих бодрол бичиг

対照計算書

cross-reckoning treatise

Major eighteenth-century Mongolian astrological calculation manual.

цаг тооны бичиг

暦書

almanac

Book carrying calendrical and chronological data.

Арга билгийн сургууль

陰陽学

Yin-Yang School

Yuan-dynasty school of astronomy and calendar science.

Гүүш

国師

gushi

Title for a learned Buddhist master and translator.

Дуйнхор дацан

時輪学堂

Duinkhor datsan

Monastic college devoted to Kalachakra astrology and calendar work.

Дөрвөн их оргил

四大天文台

Four Great Observatories

The four principal observatories established by the Mongols.

Зурхайн дацан

暦学学堂

Zurkhain datsan

Monastic college for the study of astrology and the calendar.

Мерагугийн одон орны оргил

マラーガ天文台

Maragheh observatory

Observatory founded by Hulagu and Nasir al-Din al-Tusi.

Судар бичгийн хүрээлэн

経籍院

Academy of Classics

Institution for preserving and studying texts.

Тай ши юань

太史院

Taishiyuan

Yuan directorate governing astronomy, mathematics and astrology.

Тэнгэрийг сүсэглэх яам

欽天監

Bureau of Astronomy

Yuan and Qing state office for astronomy and calendar compilation. ☞ ши дияан

Тэнгэрт сүсэглэх яам

天を敬う役所

Ministry of Worshipping Heaven

State ritual institution established by the Xianbei.

Хамба номун хан

ハンバ・ノムン・ハン

Khamba Nomun Khan

High ecclesiastical title in Mongolian Buddhism.

Хотон сургууль

回回学校

Huihui School

Yuan school for Islamic and foreign sciences including astronomy.

Цаг улирлын хүрээлэн

暦局

Institute of Calendrical Science

Yuan research institute for astronomy and time reckoning.

Ши дияан

司天監

Situjian

Imperial office of astronomical observation. ☞ тай ши юань

Эрдэнэ Шанзудба

エルデネ・シャンゾドバ

Erdene Shanzudba

Office managing the Bogd Khan's estate and finances.

бэхи

ベキ

bekhi

Title of the official responsible for ritual, divination and calendar keeping.

да зурхайч

首席占星術師

chief astrologer

Head astrologer of a monastery. ☞ зурхайч

зийрэмбийн дамжаа

占星術論争

ziirembe debate

Formal debate on astrological and mathematical texts. ☞ зийрэмбэ

зийрэмбэ

占星術博士

ziirembe

Monastic degree in astrology awarded after formal debate. ☞ зийрэмбийн дамжаа

зурхайч

暦学者・占星術師

astrologer

A practitioner of зурхай. ☞ да зурхайч

мэргэн зурхайч

優れた占星術師

master astrologer

Designation for a highly skilled astrologer.

одон орны оргил

天文台

observatory tower

Raised structure built for astronomical observation. ☞ одон орны хүрээлэн

одон орны хүрээлэн

天文台

astronomical observatory

Institution for observing the sky. ☞ одон орны оргил

одон оронч

天文学者

astronomer

Scholar devoted to the study of the sky.

тайши түшмэл

太史官

grand astrologer

Official in charge of astronomy and astrology at the Yuan court.

улсын багш

国師

State Preceptor

Religious title bestowed by the Mongol emperors.

цорж

チョルジ

chorji

High monastic title often held by learned astrologers.

Алтан гадас

北極星

Polaris

The North Star; used for orientation and for measuring latitude.

Алтан нум сум

未訳

Golden bow and arrow (unknown)

Араг од

未訳

Rib-shaped star (unknown)

Бор, шарга хоёр морь

未訳

Two-toned horses (unknown)

Гал, усан од

未訳

Fire-water stars (unknown)

Гар од /лагсар/

未訳

Hand star (unknown)

Гилбэр дөрөв

未訳

Four lights (unknown)

Гиртиг од

ギルティグ星

Girtig star

Star name recorded in Xiongnu astronomy.

Гурван марал

オリオン座の三つ星

Orion's Belt

Folk name for the three stars of Orion's Belt; used for telling the time of night.

Гурван охин

未訳

Three maidens (unknown)

Долоон бурхан

北斗七星

Big Dipper

Folk name for the Ursa Major asterism.

Долоон өвгөн

北斗七星

Big Dipper

Folk name for the Big Dipper. ☞ тохигуур долоон од

Зaлгидаг эмгэн

未訳

Devouring hag (unknown)

Мичид зургаа

昴

the six Pleiades

Folk designation for the Pleiades cluster.

Морин од

未訳

Horse star (unknown)

Номын гялаан

未訳

Star of wisdom (unknown)

Ровагини од

ロヴァギニ星

Rovagini star

Star name recorded in historical astral geography.

Тохигуур долоон од

北斗七星

Big Dipper

Folk name for Ursa Major used to judge season and direction. ☞ долоон өвгөн

Ху жин од

フ・ジン星

Hu Jin star

Star worshipped by the Xiongnu before battle.

Хэдэргэ од

ヘデルゲ星

Khedergé star

Folk star name taken from the tool used to work animal hides.

Шүхэр од

傘星

parasol star

Star or comet recorded in the histories as a portent.

Үдшийн гялаан

宵の明星

Evening Star

Venus seen at dusk. ☞ Үүрийн цолмон

Үүрийн цолмон

明けの明星

Morning Star

Venus seen at dawn. ☞ Үдшийн гялаан